1
Sheer joy upon finding World Poetry Review’s “The Desnos Dossier” and burning the hours in this textual garden of translators, translations, and intimate translation notes devoted to Robert Desnos’ unforgettable peom, “J'ai tant rêvé de toi.” Randomly, as if from a top hat, I give you this translation by Alexander Dickow:
Dickow’s Desnos meets others, as “J'ai tant rêvé de toi” is carried into English by each translator, in this single issue, enabling readers to discern the shape of each breath.
The poem’s title is translated as “I’ve Dreamt So Much of You,” with slight variations in verb tense. But there are two exceptions. Laura Marris added a note on the poem, set in a parentheses above the title: “(to the mystery girl, 1926)”. A similar contextualizing gesture comes from Mark Polizzoti, who referenced history in his own way by appending the following above the title: “She, Mysterious”. Both additions introduce the ghost, herself, while varying the temporality of the addressee. Where Laura places her within time, in 1926, Mark leaves her suspended outside of time, occupying a particular silhouette made by memory, a “She” that stays mysterious, unlimited by temporality. Perhaps Mark’s “She” is constructed by this act of remembering and I’m not sure a word exists for the persons constructed by dreaming, despite how real they feel to us?
2
Convention has it that Desnos wrote this poem about music-hall singer, Yvonne George, whom he met in 1924. In this story, she haunts his dreams here and returns in the poems of Ténèbres. It was a case of unrequited love, unsuccessful love, or unrealized love, depending on the narrator. By ordinary standards, it was a ‘failed love’— though writers must amongst themselves as to whether the poems realize a love that is perhaps more ‘real’ than a romantic relationship.
Desnos’ poem gives life to the dream, an eternity of life. Yvonne is also said to be the person invoked by Desnos’ haunting final poem (though I’m inclined to suspect Louki deserves consideration).
Born in Brussels in 1896 as Yvonne de Knops, George began her career on stage, where she met Jean Cocteau. In 1922, after being discovered by the influential Paul Franck, Yvonne George moved into a nice apartment in Neuilly that became a hub for meeting artists and writers. Last FM offers a brief history of George’s life, including the following statement: “In 1924, well-known in Parisian intellectual circles as a charming singer, George became the subject of a passionate love affair with the French poet Robert Desnos, who wrote her numerous poems including the famous J'ai tant rêvé de toi (I have dreamed so much about you).”
It is well known that Desnos introduced George to opium, or that opium was in the background of their encounters, as written in Desnos’ novel, La Liberté ou l’Amour (Freedom or Love), a book that received the honor of being condemned for obscenity by the tribunal de la Seine.
Styled as an emancipated woman by her peers, George died of tuberculosis in a hotel room in Genoa on May 16, 1930. Like Jesus of Nazareth, she was 33 years old. “Weakened by her the excesses of her lifestyle, George fell ill with tuberculosis,” says Last FM, leaving us with exemplary palaver of the sort slung at artists and bohemians who died young from tuberculosis or Spanish flu. Ode to the heavy lifting done by “excesses of her lifestyle” here! I say this with sarcasm dripping from my fangs.
Last year, I had the pleasure of being consumed by Desnos’ novella, The Die Is Cast (1943), published by Wakefield Press in Jesse Lee Anderson’s translation, and I cannot recommend it enough to anyone who is interested in Desnos’ relationship with Yvonne George and the perfusion of deliriums wrought by opium. Desnos published the book in occupied Paris a year before the Gestapo arrested him for his Resistance activities. The Die marks “a shift from his earlier frenetic surrealist prose to a social realism that borrowed as much from his life experience as from his career as a journalist,” a realism that happens to include his opium experimentation “and his doomed relationship with the chanteuse Yvonne George” in the 1920’s. It may be “junkie literature.” Certainly, Desnos marks an end to utopias “in a distinct break from the ‘artificial paradises’ explored by his predecessors, moving towards "a new era of ‘artificial hells.”
Novella aside, in Desnos’ poetry, the dreaming continues. The poem gives us a world in which the dream, alone, is an honest or decent guide to what could possible. The world is a wreck, a failure; the dream reimagines what it cannot rescue.
3
The first time I tried to translate Desnos’ “J'ai tant rêvé de toi” into English, I was wandering through France, desperate to share it with my hiking companion (who did not read or speak French). This was prior to cell phones and internet life.
I remember feeling defeated by the poem’s tense, by the coexistence of present and past in that futurity Desnos creates. It inspires wonder to read it, to be called into the timelessness of his invocation. And the challenge is apparent in the very first line: “J'ai tellement rêvé de toi que tu n'es plus réel.” This dream-tense, for lack of a better word, resists taming: it is as elusive as it is allusive.
Scanning the translations of this first line in “The Desnos Dossier” gives you a sense of how writers grapple with motion and temporality. For that critical opening clause, all are variations on “I have dreamt” or “I have dreamed,” give or take contractions.
I’ve dreamt of you so often that you’re losing your reality. (Guy Bennett)
I have dreamed of you so long now your realness does wane. (Dawson Ford Campbell)
I've dreamt of you so often that you become unreal. (Mary Ann Caws)
I’ve dreamed of you so many times that you don’t seem real anymore (Chris Clarke)
I’ve dreamed so much of you that you lose your reality. (Kate Deimling)
I’ve dreamt so much of you that you lose your reality. (Alexander Dickow)
I have dreamed of you so much you’ve begun to seem unreal (Heather Green)
I have dreamt of you so often you’ve lost your reality (C. Francis Fisher)
I have dreamed of you so much that you are losing reality (Charlotte Mandell)
I dreamed of you so much that you became unreal. (Laura Marris)
I’ve dreamed of you so much that you’ve become unreal. (Ian Monk)
I’ve dreamed of you so much that you lose your reality. (Erin Moure)
I’ve dreamed of you so much that your reality slips away (Mark Polizotti)
I’ve dreamed of you so many times that you’ve stopped being real. (Damion Searls)
Heather Green, Chris Clarke, C. Francis Fisher, Charlotte Mandell, and Mark Polizzoti elected not to punctuate the statement with a period, leaving it open.
Among the different formulations of n'es plus réel — “lose your reality”; “become unreal”; “don’t seem real anymore”; “begun to seem unreal”; “lost your reality”; “are losing reality”; “became unreal”: “your reality slips away”; “stopped being real.”
This word, “seem,” is part of what translations dance around, precisely because the pitch of the portrait is a dreamscape which feels real — and must feel real for the poem to work. I use “work” loosely here, for each poem has its labor, each poem has its secret imaginary, which beckons the reader as a horizon rather than a completed scene.
And now, for one more comparison, this time looking at the translations of that single phrase which marks a shift in the poem: “Ô échelles de sentiments.”
O balances of feeling. (Laura Marris)
O balancing act of feelings! (Charlotte Mandell)
O feelings held in the balance. (Erin Moure)
Sentimental swings and balances. (Ian Monk)
Alas, the balancing act of the heart. (Damion Searls)
Cruel emotional balance (Mark Polizotti)
Oh, sentimental scales. (C. Francis Fisher)
O sentimental scales (Heather Green)
Oh sentimental scales. (Alexander Dickow)
O sentimental scales. (Guy Bennett)
O scales of sentiment. (Kate Deimling)
O scales of sentimentality (Chris Clarke)
Oh the shifts of feeling. (Mary Ann Caws)
O passional scales. (Dawson Ford Campbell)
4
This is Desnos’ poem, as it appears in the original French, with no breathing room between the lines/stanzas:
I’m still not sure how I would translate this poem… there are so many versions, so many variants, which is perhaps due to the music in it. But there’s something about the breath and pauses that made me wonder about em dashes today.
I can no longer touch —- your face and your lips, which grace the visage of a passing stranger.
I dreamt you so frequently, I walk and talk and sleep with your phantom, since perhaps the only way that remains possible is to become a phantom among the phantoms, a shade one hundred times darker than the shadow that moves and continues moving — wildly – across the sundial of your life.
5
When hunting for Coleridge on the shelves a few weeks ago, I ran across an old Everyman’s Library collection small enough to fit in a coat pocket or a backpack. I recognized it immediately, the way one recognizes one of the first poetry books ever gifted to you. It is true: poets never forget, and surely this is more true of the poems we’ve been given than the bracelets and flowers.